By equal measure state-builder & political unifier & ruthless opportunist & bloody-handed aggressor, Alexander II has been praised or vilified by past historians but has rarely been viewed in the round. This book explores the king's successes & failures, offering a fresh assessment of his contribution to the making of Scotland as a nation. It lifts the focus from an introspective national history to look at the man & his kingdom in wider British & European history, examining his international relationships & offering the first detailed analysis of the efforts to work out a lasting diplomatic solution to Anglo-Scottish conflict over his inherited claims to the northern counties of Engl&. More than just a political narrative, the book also seeks to illuminate aspects of the king's character & his relationships with those around him, especially his mother, his first wife Joan Plantagenet, & the great magnates, clerics & officials who served in his household & administration. The book illustrates the processes by which the mosaic of petty principalities & rival power-bases that covered the map of late 12th-century Scotland had become by the mid-13th century a unified state, hybrid in culture (s) & multilingual but acknowledging a common identity as Scots.