Energy output is a complex matter. We all need a certain amount of carbohydrates to ensure that our glycogen stores are fullystocked to ensure we can perform to our optimum ability during exercise. This is an accepted fact. Slightly more complicated is the matter of pre-workout energy continuation & post workout glycogen replenishment. Different carbohydrate sources with different Glycemic measurements are required to satisfy these varying requirements. It’s in addition important that along with the triple-charged carbohydrate content of Battery +/- 3™, amino acids that are vital to the muscle preservation process are also included. This is why Ph D invented Battery +/-3™. Step 1- Long & mid-term energy- Battery+/-3™ contains fructose & maltodextrin to ensure that when taken before & during exercise, the blood sugar spike will not be so great that it impairs long & mid-term performance. Fructose has a low glycemic rating (GI 23) so it’s conversion to blood sugar is slow & steady. Maltodextrin has been used throughout the years as a complex carbohydrate, though in reality, it is sufficient for mid-term energy storage & in addition effective when used post exercise to replenish glycogen stores & ensure complete & efficient recovery from training. Step 2- Immediate glycogen replenishment- High Impact carbs!- Dextrose monohydrate has a high-glycemic rating ensuring immediate & effective glycogen replenishment & an instant elevation of blood sugar for complete recovery. This particular process becomes vital upon the conclusion of a workout. This is the period when glycogen reserves have been drained & need immediate replenishment. Step 3- Added Branched Chain Amino Acids & L-Glutamine- BCAA’s are considered the critical cluster of amino acids, the most vital of all. Ph D Nutrition consider Leucine, Iso-leucine & Valine as integral inclusions within Battery+/-3™ for the important role they play in helping the body preserve muscle tissue throughout times of stress & during & after periods of intense exercise. Leucine, Iso-leucine & Valine have long been heralded within the sports nutrition world. BCAA’s are needed for the maintenance of muscle tissue & appear to preserve muscle stores of glycogen (1, 2). This ensures an anabolic & anti-catabolic environment, therefore minimising any potential muscle-loss whilst maximising the potential for muscle repair. Due to this glycogen-sparing action, BCAA’s may help prevent muscle breakdown during exercise. L-Glutamine is one of the most used supplements within sports nutrition & in particularly the body building world. Famed for its ability to aid in the anti-catabolic process, L-Glutamine is a vital inclusion within Battery+/-3™